You have removed way too much! It's tempting to remove 'all', lol, but unfortunately Windows just breaks if you do.
There is no need to remove 'drivers' and such, as it makes no difference to the OS if your not using them, and it won't save you space image wise.
I run LTSC 24, and consider myself 'brutal', as in removing as much as I can, without it breaking anything. There are lot's I'd still love to remove, but unfortunately, most things are 'tied' into other things that cant.
I've had the above many times, and it's only with fucking around with many images, that you get to know what to remove, and what to keep
I include my 'pre-set' for 24H2 LTSC, which, comparing, is much the same 'component' wise, so I'd recommend loading and comparing against yours in your favourite .xml compare program lol

I use WinMergeU, as it spots differences in seconds, which is handy for a Proxmox user like me lol
I can see, glancing over your .xml though, that there are big things you must not remove, period.